2021 May 21;5(1):18-24. doi: 10.1093/jcag/gwab011. Research for tomorrow's schools. 2023 Dec;82(1):2183586. doi: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2183586. The logic used for selecting people and events to observe, interview, and include in the study should be clearly presented. The narrative research trail: values of ambiguity and relationships. Which of the following are rigor requirements in qualitative research? Recognize what methods are needed to have a rigorous qualitative study. `fj &F\`&e7lhD0YvBp"6q ENJ+F`-JM>Dv,PJ83IB;7 w:wFXY0YT#\rvK`(?.WeJ:pD/y|A"BICo]% Rigor or rigor mortis: the problem of rigor in qualitative research revisited. ]s{Y}hA?aO?ae|zl4S[MWM#A,B?B?^A^d>4-i d]G! mgoooooooooo %%%%STp*9JNSTp*9JNSTp*9JN2/yy{\/\S6?A)os-EAj7W5Tl.As .@c4`,X0 $E>POeaRj<5x@ qk<5R#) 7X j Sti1,a6(8K}|?`(\ 1 Because qualitative research is specific to a particular context, it is important a "thick description" of the particular research . Maintain detailed notes about the development of certain concepts and themes. Dependability is the standard by which the logic, reasoning, methods, and results are expected to be stable or consistent over time. Lincoln and Guba (1986) specified that the part of the audit that examines the process results in a dependability audit (p. 77). Instead of aiming for the benchmark of replicability, then, qualitative researchers aim to provide transparency regarding their research processes as a means of demonstrating that these processes were indeed dependable. He is also the founder of EdTechBooks.org. This also helps ensure that the researcher is not pigeonholed by a priori assumptions that might blind them to new discoveries. In terms of dependability, the best safeguard is, as mentioned above, external audit. J Adv Nurs. Would you like email updates of new search results? I then make recommendations for the appropriate use of the strategies recommended to achieve rigor: prolonged engagement, persistent observation, and thick, rich description; inter-rater reliability, negative case analysis; peer review or debriefing; clarifying researcher bias; member checking; external audits; and triangulation. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos . endstream endobj 185 0 obj <>stream This will help to strengthen your study substantially, resulting in a quality dissertation you can show off with pride! Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. >> Thematic analysis is a foundational and widely used qualitative research method. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282326. Through peer debriefing, reflexive journaling and researcher triangulation, you have the option to generate initial codes using a reliable coding framework. How is transferability different from generalizability? Experiences of Patients With COVID-19 Admitted to the Intensive Care Units: A Qualitative Study. Peer debriefing: This involves running your emerging analysis by an outsider who is not centrally involved in the study, but who is sufficiently knowledgeable to provide an informed review. These include prolonged engagement, persistent observation, triangulation, peer debriefing, negative case analysis, and member checking (Lincoln & Guba, 1986). (2017). /Outlines 5 0 R It used the semi-structured interview . endobj Phenomenologic research as a theoretic initiative in community health nursing. Here is a brief overview of how you can establish trustworthiness within each phase of the thematic analysis process: The first step is to establish prolonged engagement with the data and triangulate different data collection modes. However, in order for the results to be useful and meaningful, you have to take a rigorous and methodical approach to the collection of qualitative data and interpretation of its themes. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the world visible. Meeting the standard of reliability in quantitative research means that if another researcher were to attempt to replicate your study using the same methods and context, we would expect the results to come out largely the same (Shenton, 2004). endstream endobj This may mean an entire year or longer for some studies or as little as a month for others, depending on the size of the study and the level of depth needed for the researcher to become part of a community and understand what is happening. Prolonged Engagement is discouraged in Qualitative research because it increases the risk of reactivity and respondent bias. hUKo@Ocr]P5"MZX;2Fi}g8(B~"]1&1psC HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help If you find the prospect of creating scientific rigor a bit intimidating, youre not alone. For instance, in your data analysis, are you assigning too much or too little importance to something? Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. These four key dimensions of trustworthiness will be covered in the next sections of this article, as well as particular procedures you can build into your methods for each. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 2 0 obj The .gov means its official. Trustworthiness is often described as the equivalent of reliability and validity within the naturalistic research arena (Lincoln & Guba, 1986). This is not part of the dissertation itself but is an important aspect of qualitative research. HK.9W-U\% Fn "\`tkz>\s?\~n}o|;w?et;r|+?^k?Y\6;Sf'Qu^swrz[=^'ve`!:{L|FV$xfcayx6I9}CXI attribute it. Rigor in Qualitative Methods: An Evaluation of Strategies Among Underrepresented Rural Communities. Prolonged engagement is a technique whereby researchers immerse themselves in the site or context of the study long enough to build trust with the participants and for the researcher to experience the breadth of variation and to overcome distortions due to their presence (cf., Hawthorne Effect). This technique is meant to keep the researcher honest by having someone else independently point out the implications of what they are doing. For instance, if a female academic is studying gender disparities in higher education, then she might bring to light her own experiences of inequity, memo how her participants' experiences reflect, reinforce, or challenge her own assumptions and experiences, and acknowledge how her thinking on the topic is changing as she progresses through the study. Qualitative research is critical for studies about regulatory issues in nursing and across all health professions. /AcroForm 6 0 R Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 6640 Intech Boulevard, #100Indianapolis, IN, 46278,United States, Qualitative Research Director, Dawn McElfresh, achieve trustworthiness in qualitative market research, conducting senior management analysis on the data. Background: There is increasing recognition of the valuable contribution qualitative research can make to nursing knowledge. >"[T2 JDE readers include faculty members, administrative officers, academic officers, and many other professionals concerned with educating academically at-risk college students. Parents' experiences following children's moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a clash of cultures. Earlier we established that research is both systematic and auditable. The study used qualitative methodologies and the author was a single researcher with prolonged engagement in the research site. This includes designing interview and focus group questions, a skill which very few researchers inherently possess (Goodell et al., 2016). In terms of confirmability, you want to prove that your qualitative research is neutral and not influenced by the assumptions or biases of the researchers. But, these types of procedures for building reliability and validity simply do not transfer to qualitative research, as qualitative research is not aimed at producing the same types of knowledge claims as quantitative studies (Morrow, 2005, p. 252). If only the researcher's outsider perspective is present, then the study will lack one of the most critical characteristics of a qualitative study: the type of understanding that can only come from empathy. For this reason, reports should be well written to include description, analysis, and synthesis (cf., Wolcott, 1994), as well as to reveal the biases and assumptions of the researchers involved. The site is secure. The great news is that specific methods exist for promoting credibility in qualitative research, which you should definitely work to include in your methods planning. document.write(location.href); Request Permissions, Published By: Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University. Analyses should be logically presented. Prolonged engagementis a technique whereby researchers immerse themselves in the site or context of the study long enough to build trust with the participants and for the researcher to experience the breadth of variation and to overcome distortions due to their presence (cf., Hawthorne Effect). Spending sufficient time in the field to learn or understand the culture, social setting, or phenomenon of interest. For instance, if a researcher wanted to understand the impacts of homework on marginalized students, they might begin by talking to students at school but would likely need to observe them after school or at home as well. In terms of credibility for qualitative research and analysis, we can help you to map out your data collection efforts so that what you record will be a true representation of what you intended to examine. 2005;13(1):43-56. doi: 10.7748/nr2005.07.13.1.43.c5999. /Version /1#2E5 New York: Macmillan. Careers. Maintaining rigorous documentation is also a key component. In other words, persistent observation means continuing to observe until one is sure of what was shown. J Adv Nurs. Data sources: I should also mention here the importance of conducting your study in a manner and location that is feasible for you. 2017 Jul/Aug;36(4):253-263. doi: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253. The researcher is expected to facilitate transferability, however, by providing clear descriptions of the time and context in which results and conclusions are developed, providing thick descriptions of the phenomena under study, and providing as much explanation about the context in which the study took place as possible. Attempting to generalize is a common mistake in qualitative research and can signal to your readers that you are not aware of the limits of your own methods and do not recognize the actual complexity of the phenomena you are studying. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. } Negative case analysis: This refers to the active search for negative instances in the data, which you use to then adjust your analysis until such negative instances are eliminated (Lincoln & Guba, 1986, p. 77). Finally, we will discuss the fourth dimension of trustworthiness in qualitative research and analysis, transferability. MeSH Which of the following would be an example of researchers employing emic perspectives? For instance, any researcher studying young children would not just need to be able to interpret behaviors through etic theoretical or psychological lenses (e.g., phobias, apathy, intelligence) but would also need to show that they understand the children as they understand themselves, often using their same words (e.g., "love," "hate," "smart," "dumb," "mad"). stream 6NzGr!U)c@?U9" R-+aCHbhlBB In this case, it seems possible that a researcher was misinterpreting the experiences of women they were interviewing or simply didn't interview enough women to understand the issue fully. There is increasing recognition of the valuable contribution qualitative research can make to nursing knowledge. 27 Furthermore, Leininger 25 (1985) claimed that it is not whether the data are reliable or valid but how the terms reliability and validity are defined. PMC Careers. << Did the questions you asked truly serve your study purpose (and by the way, qualitative researchers find out that their questions did not do that all the time)? hb``` @KtLOv_]Q7 Vw3l\s-tZ5 \ ` @>;iV f[dyxi[@|4#@ZH.`q ((Qh ` 24/ While phenomenological, qualitative methods provide rich, narrated or storied data, a trustworthy method is integral to the validity of the results. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Manipulation of the participants through random assignment, submission to unnatural measurement instruments, or exposure to unnatural treatments should be avoided. 188 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<46CD096CC8CDE34F904541AE1BBF1053>]/Index[181 18]/Info 180 0 R/Length 55/Prev 64045/Root 182 0 R/Size 199/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream This holds true for all research, not just qualitative inquiry. Although there are paradoxes in the world, a report that presents conflicting pieces of evidence without discussing them and trying to discern their nature (i.e., whether it is a true paradox or whether one side of the issue is erroneous) needs to be improved. 2010;17(2):16-24. doi: 10.7748/nr2010.01.17.2.16.c7458. Definition. endstream There is definitely a place in the world for opinion pieces, but if you are setting out to conduct research, you need to take measures to faithfully represent the viewpoints you have proposed to explore (i.e., your participants viewpoints). This should include justifications for all analytical and methodological choices made throughout the entire study. This is why sampling strategy is so important in quantitative studies; careful and strategic sampling can ensure that you end up with a sample that truly represents the broader population in which you are interested. It means that the more your readers know about the participants, the more they will feel that your findings are representative of the whole, i.e., the entire population you will be studying. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. We keep this from happening in the first place by helping you design the way you will be collecting your data. This will help them to better understand the interaction between poverty and achievement and what some individuals or families must do to mitigate it. Whether findings can be transferred or not is an empirical question, which cannot be answered by the researcher alone, because the reader's context must be compared to the research context to identify similarities. The site is secure. Relevant characteristics of the researcher should also be clearly revealed so that the reader can understand the context from which the study emerged more completely. Freebirthing: a case for using interpretative hermeneutic phenomenology in midwifery research for knowledge generation, dissemination and impact. Not only must the standard trustworthiness of the data collection be high, but the standard of trustworthiness of the interpretation of results must also remain high. While transferability cannot be proved with 100 percent certainty, you can demonstrate that it is highly likely in order to back up the trustworthiness of your qualitative market research. First, the study was performed over a six- Persistent observation: This refers to in-depth pursuit of those elements found to be especially salient through prolonged engagement (Lincoln & Guba, 1986, p. 77). 2019 Feb;11(2):211-217. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.014. Qualitative research is important because it measures things that numbers might not be able to define, qualitative methods sometimes identify trends before they show up in the quantitative data. Qualitative Inquiry in Daily Life (1st ed.). To provide examples of a qualitative multiple case study to illustrate the specific strategies that can be used to ensure the credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability of a study. Prolonged engagement in the field, maintaining a journal and member checks (participant feedback) can help with this. All three of these factors were used to increase the credibility of this study. Just imagine if the participants you interviewed for your dissertation read your results chapter and said, This is not at all what I meant! That would cast serious doubt on the credibility of your findings, making others wonder if your work is really research or maybe just your own particular interpretation of the research topic (otherwise known as an editorial essay). In qualitative research, this involves presenting each participant as a distinct individual, often by carefully choosing quotations from interviews that illustrate your study subjects thinking. Embedded in this is the notion that our practices and the results of our efforts should be rigorous, meaning that we strictly adhere to specific criteria of quality.