(Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Verse 7. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Verse 7. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. View Answer In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. You can try more lenient search to get some results. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Verse 12. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). He was known for his religious tolerance. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. . [citation needed]. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Died young. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Has data issue: true This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. for this article. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. field of Asian Studies. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Concerning past occasions. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Turn on. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Son of Sukhavarman. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. 1 There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Murdered by Radda. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Verse 13. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. epic poem elsewhere. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He subdued several enemies. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. Her son was Chippatajayapida. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Sussala's son. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Verse 14. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He was (I.191) the first of his race. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. Verse 11. Answer. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Report Error Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. "useRatesEcommerce": false Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". His family ruled for many generations. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court.